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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">najo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Наносистемы: физика, химия, математика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-8054</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-7971</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2220-8054-2024-15-5-654-657</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">najo-120</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Hybrid quantum communication protocol for fiber and atmosphere channel</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гибридный протокол квантовой коммуникации для оптоволоконного и атмосферного канала</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-249X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латыпов</surname><given-names>И. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Latypov</surname><given-names>Ilnur Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Латыпов Ильнур Зиннурович</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilnur Z. Latypov</p><p>ul. Lobachevskogo, 2/31, POB 261, Kazan, 420111</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bibidey@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2414-3490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чистяков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chistyakov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чистяков Владимир Викторович</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Chistyakov</p><p>49, St. Petersburg, 197101;  6 Line, 59, St. Petersburg, 199178</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_chistyakov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4290-4852</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеев</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeev</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фадеев Максим Алексеевич</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim A. Fadeev</p><p>49, St. Petersburg, 197101; Skolkovo, Moscow 121205</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">wertsam@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7964-0697</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сулимов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sulimov</surname><given-names>Danil V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сулимов Данил Васильевич</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danil V. Sulimov</p><p>Kronverkskiy, 49, St. Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dvsulimov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халтуринский</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalturinsky</surname><given-names>Alexey K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Халтуринский Алексей Константинович</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey K. Khalturinsky</p><p>6 Line, 59, St. Petersburg, 199178</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.halturinsky@quanttelecom.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-1804</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кынев</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kynev</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кынев Сергей Михайлович</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey M. Kynev</p><p>49, St. Petersburg, 197101; 6 Line, 59, St. Petersburg, 199178</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sergey.kynev@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0767-0261</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егоров</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егоров Владимир Ильич</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Egorov</p><p>6 Line, 59, St. Petersburg, 199178</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">viegorov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="en">FRC Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="en">ITMO University; Quanttelecom LLC.<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="en">ITMO University; Russian Quantum Center<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="en">ITMO University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="en">Quanttelecom LLC.<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>654</fpage><lpage>657</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Latypov I.Z., Chistyakov V.V., Fadeev M.A., Sulimov D.V., Khalturinsky A.K., Kynev S.M., Egorov V.I., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Латыпов И.З., Чистяков В.В., Фадеев М.А., Сулимов Д.В., Халтуринский А.К., Кынев С.М., Егоров В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Latypov I.Z., Chistyakov V.V., Fadeev M.A., Sulimov D.V., Khalturinsky A.K., Kynev S.M., Egorov V.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/120">https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/120</self-uri><abstract><p>In this paper, we explore a hybrid quantum communication protocol that operates concurrently over fiber optic and atmospheric channels. This new protocol addresses challenges in urban settings where laying optical fiber may be impractical or costly. By integrating the subcarrier wave (SCW) quantum key distribution (QKD) with phase coding, our approach enhances the flexibility and reliability of quantum communication systems. We have developed and tested an atmospheric optical module equipped with an auto-tuning system to ensure precise optical axis alignment, crucial for minimizing signal loss in turbulent environments. Experimental results demonstrate stable sifted key rates and low quantum bit error rate (QBER) across various channel lengths, confirming the efficacy of our hybrid protocol in securing communication over diverse transmission environments.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В этой статье мы исследуем гибридный протокол квантовой коммуникации, который работает одновременно по оптоволоконным и атмосферным каналам. Этот новый протокол решает проблемы в городских условиях, где прокладка оптического волокна может быть непрактичной или дорогостоящей. Интегрируя квантовое распределение ключей (КРК) на боковых частотах с фазовым кодированием, наш подход повышает гибкость и надежность систем квантовой коммуникации. Мы разработали и протестировали атмосферный оптический модуль, оснащенный системой автоматической настройки для обеспечения точного выравнивания оптической оси, что крайне важно для минимизации потерь сигнала в турбулентной среде.</p><p>Экспериментальные результаты демонстрируют стабильную скорость передачи просеянного ключа и низкий коэффициент квантовых битовых ошибок (QBER) при различной длине канала, подтверждая эффективность нашего гибридного протокола для обеспечения безопасности связи в различных средах передачи.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атмосферная оптика</kwd><kwd>квантовые коммуникации</kwd><kwd>квантовое распределение ключей</kwd><kwd>атмосферный канал</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>free-space optics</kwd><kwd>quantum communication</kwd><kwd>quantum key distribution</kwd><kwd>atmosphere channel</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Honjo T., Nam S.W., Takesue H., Zhang Y., Hadfield R.H., Dardy H.H., and Yamamoto Y. 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