najoNanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, MathematicsНаносистемы: физика, химия, математика2220-80542305-7971Университет ИТМО10.17586/2220-8054-2025-16-5-597-605najo-1531Research ArticlePHYSICSФИЗИКАUnpredictable and uniform random number generation based on time of arrival using InGaAs detectorsНепредсказуемая и равномерная генерация случайных чисел на основе времени прибытия с использованием детекторов InGaAshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3238-382XАггарвалД.AggarwalD.

Дипика Аггарвал

Deepika Aggarwal

M.G. Road, Bangalore, Karnataka

deepika@qnulabs.comБанерджиА.BanerjeeA.

Аниндита Банерджи

Anindita Banerjee

M.G. Road, Bangalore, Karnataka

anindita@qnulabs.comШармаА.SharmaA.

Анкуш Шарма

Ankush Sharma

M.G. Road, Bangalore, Karnataka

ankush@qnulabs.comЯдав Г.YadavG.

Ганеш Ядав 

Ganesh Yadav

M.G. Road, Bangalore, Karnataka

ganesh@qnulabs.comQuNu Labs Pvt. Ltd.India202505112025165597605Copyright © Aggarwal D., Banerjee A., Sharma A., Yadav G., 20252025Аггарвал Д., Банерджи А., Шарма А., Ядав  Г.Aggarwal D., Banerjee A., Sharma A., Yadav G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/1531

Quantum random number generators are becoming mandatory in a demanding technological world of high-performing learning algorithms and security guidelines. Our implementation, based on the principles of quantum mechanics, enables us to achieve the required randomness. We have generated high-quality quantum random numbers from a weak coherent source at the telecommunication wavelength. The entropy is based on the time of arrival of quantum states within a predefined time interval. The detection of photons by the InGaAs single-photon detectors and high-precision time measurement of 5 ps enables us to generate 16 random bits per arrival time, which is the highest reported to date. We have presented the theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the random number generation methodology. The method eliminates the requirement of any randomness extractor, thereby leveraging the principles of quantum physics to generate random numbers. The output data rate averages 2.4 Mbps. The generated raw quantum random numbers are compared with the NIST-prescribed Blum-Blum-Shub pseudo-random number generator and an in-house-built hardware random number generator from FPGA, on the ENT and NIST platform.

Квантовые генераторы случайных чисел становятся обязательными в требовательном технологическом мире высокопроизводительных алгоритмов обучения и правил безопасности. Наша реализация, основанная на принципах квантовой механики, позволяет нам достичь необходимой случайности. Мы сгенерировали высококачественные квантовые случайные числа из слабого когерентного источника на телекоммуникационной длине волны. Энтропия основана на времени прибытия квантовых состояний в пределах заданного интервала времени. Детектирование фотонов детекторами одиночных фотонов InGaAs и высокоточное измерение времени 5 пс позволяют нам генерировать 16 случайных битов за время прибытия, что является самым высоким показателем, зарегистрированным на сегодняшний день. Мы представили теоретический анализ и экспериментальную проверку методологии генерации случайных чисел. Метод устраняет необходимость в каком-либо экстракторе случайности, тем самым используя принципы квантовой физики для генерации случайных чисел. Средняя скорость передачи данных на выходе составляет 2,4 Мбит/с. Сгенерированные необработанные квантовые случайные числа сравниваются с предписанным NIST генератором псевдослучайных чисел Блюма-Блюма-Шуба и собственным аппаратным генератором случайных чисел от FPGA на платформе ENT и NIST.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.