najoNanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, MathematicsНаносистемы: физика, химия, математика2220-80542305-7971Университет ИТМО10.17586/2220-8054-2024-15-6-793-805najo-173Research ArticleCHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS SCIENCEХИМИЯ И НАУКА О МАТЕРИАЛАХ(CdO)1-x(Mn3O4)x (x = 0.0/0.25/0.50/0.75/1.0) nanocrystals: preparation by a facile method, physicochemical properties and applications(CdO)1-x(Mn3O4)x (x = 0.0/0.25/0.50/0.75/1.0) нанокристаллы: Приготовление простым методом, физико-химические свойства и применениеhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-0394-697XДжебишаС.JebishaS.

Selvaraj Jebisha – Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Physics

Tirunelveli, Tholayavattam-629167, Tamil Nadu

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-8110ДипаГ.DeepaG.

Ganesan Deepa – Department of Physics

Nagercoil-629003, Tamil Nadu

gdeepavinod@ymail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-7921-3488ДжонсонДж.JohnsonJ.

Jesumarian Johnson – Department of Physics

Tholayavattam-629167, Tamil Nadu

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-4662МахадеванК. К.MahadevanC.K.

Chelliah Kamalakshiammal Mahadevan – CSIR Emeritus Scientist, Department of Physics

Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu

mahadevan58@yahoo.co.inM.S. UniversityIndiaPioneer Kumaraswamy CollegeIndiaAnnai Velankanni CollegeIndiaBharathidasan UniversityIndia202405062025156793805Copyright © Jebisha S., Deepa G., Johnson J., Mahadevan C., 20252025Джебиша С., Дипа Г., Джонсон Д., Махадеван К.Jebisha S., Deepa G., Johnson J., Mahadevan C.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/173

High phase pure (CdO)1-x(Mn3O4)x (x = 0.0/0.25/0.50/0.75/1.0) nanocrystals (including multiphased nanocomposites) were prepared by using a simple microwave-assisted solvothermal method, and characterized structurally, chemically, optically and electrically by carrying out X-ray diffraction, electron microscopic (SEM/TEM), energy dispersive X-ray absorption spectral, optical (UV-Vis) absorption spectral and AC electrical (at various temperatures and frequencies) measurements. Samples prepared exhibit crystalline nature, high chemical purity, nearly uniform spherical morphology, considerable particle sizes (within 47 nm), higher optical band gap energies (4.0 – 5.3 eV) and normal dielectric behavior. Studies were made to understand their capability in photocatalytic degradation (evaluated using Methylene Blue (MB) dye under UV-visible irradiation) and antimicrobial activity against gram positive Bacillus Subtilis (BS), gram negative Escherichia Coli (EC) and fungal Candida Albicans (CA). Results indicate a higher photocatalytic degradation with MB dye for the three multi-phased (CdO)1-x(Mn3O4)x nanocomposites (with x = 0.25/0.50/0/75) prepared (with light of wavelength around 665 nm), and a higher antimicrobial activity with the bacteria (BS and EC) than with the fungus (CA); however, the phase pure Mn3O4 (with x = 1.0) nanocrystal has been found to be more active with all the three microbes considered.

Высокой фазовой чистоты (CdO)1-x(Mn3O4)x (x = 0.0/0.25/0.50/0.75/1.0) нанокристаллы (включая многофазные нанокомпозиты) были получены с использованием простого микроволнового сольвотермального метода и охарактеризованы структурно, химически, оптически и электрически путем проведения рентгеновской дифракции, электронной микроскопии (СЭМ/ТЭМ), энергодисперсионного рентгеновского спектрального поглощения, оптического (УФ-видимого) спектрального поглощения и переменного электрического (при различных температурах и частотах) измерений. Полученные образцы демонстрируют кристаллическую природу, высокую химическую чистоту, почти однородную сферическую морфологию, значительные размеры частиц (в пределах 47 нм), более высокие оптические энергии запрещенной зоны (4,0–5,3 эВ) и нормальное диэлектрическое поведение. Были проведены исследования для понимания их способности к фотокаталитической деградации (оцененной с использованием красителя метиленового синего (МБ) при УФ-видимом облучении) и антимикробной активности против грамположительных Bacillus Subtilis (BS), грамотрицательных Escherichia Coli (EC) и грибков Candida Albicans (CA). Результаты указывают на более высокую фотокаталитическую деградацию с красителем MB для трех многофазных (CdO)1-x(Mn3O4)x  нанокомпозитов (с x = 0.25/0.50/0.75) приготовленных (с помощью света с длиной волны около 665 нм), и более высокая антимикробная активность с бактериями (БС и ЕС), чем с грибком (КА); однако было найдено, что чистая фаза Mn3O4 (с x = 1.0) нанокристаллом  более активна по отношению ко всем трем рассматриваемым микробам.

Нанокомпозиты оксидов переходных металловМикроволновый сольвотермальный методФизико-химические свойстваФотокаталитическая деградацияАнтимикробная активностьtransition metal oxides nanocompositesmicrowave-assisted solvothermal methodphysicochemical propertiesphotocatalytic degradationantimicrobial activityAuthors are thanful to the Department of Physics and Research Centre of Annai Velankanni College, Tholayavattam, for providing AU 2603 UV-VIS Double Beam Spectrometer and Muffle furnaceReferencesYathisa R.O., Arthoba Nayaka Y., Manjunatha P., Vinay M., Purushotham H.T. Effect of doping on the structural, optical and electrical properties of Ni2+ doped CdO nanoparticles prepared by microwave combustion route. Microchemical J., 2018, 145 (3), P. 630–641.Yathisa R.O., Arthoba Nayaka Y., Manjunatha P., Vinay M., Purushotham H.T. Effect of doping on the structural, optical and electrical properties of Ni2+ doped CdO nanoparticles prepared by microwave combustion route. Microchemical J., 2018, 145 (3), P. 630–641.Karthik K., Dhanuskodi S., Gobinath C., Prabukumar S., Sivaramakrishnan S. Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of hydrothermally prepared CdO nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2017, 28 (15), P. 11420–11429.Karthik K., Dhanuskodi S., Gobinath C., Prabukumar S., Sivaramakrishnan S. Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of hydrothermally prepared CdO nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2017, 28 (15), P. 11420–11429.Charan Kumar H.C., Rajegowda Shilpa, Sanniaha Ananda. Synthesis of cadmium oxide nanoparticles by electrochemical method: Its photodegradative effects on carboxylic acids and antibacterial behaviours. J. of Nanoscience and Technology, 2019, 5 (5), P. 840–845.Charan Kumar H.C., Rajegowda Shilpa, Sanniaha Ananda. Synthesis of cadmium oxide nanoparticles by electrochemical method: Its photodegradative effects on carboxylic acids and antibacterial behaviours. J. of Nanoscience and Technology, 2019, 5 (5), P. 840–845.Lokanatha Reddy P., Kalim Deshmukh, Chidambaram K., Basheer Ahamed, Kumar Sadasivumi K., Deepalekshmi Ponnamma, Rajasekhar Lakshmipathy, Desagani Dayananda, Khadheer Pasha S.K. Effect of ethylene glycol (PEG) on structural, thermal and photoluminescence properties of CdO nanoparticles for optoelectronics applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019, 9, P. 175–183.Lokanatha Reddy P., Kalim Deshmukh, Chidambaram K., Basheer Ahamed, Kumar Sadasivumi K., Deepalekshmi Ponnamma, Rajasekhar Lakshmipathy, Desagani Dayananda, Khadheer Pasha S.K. Effect of ethylene glycol (PEG) on structural, thermal and photoluminescence properties of CdO nanoparticles for optoelectronics applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019, 9, P. 175–183.Somasundaram G., Rajan J., Sangaiya P., Dilip R. Hydrothermal synthesis of CdO nanoparticles for photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities. Results in Materials, 2019, 4, 100044.Somasundaram G., Rajan J., Sangaiya P., Dilip R. Hydrothermal synthesis of CdO nanoparticles for photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities. Results in Materials, 2019, 4, 100044.Christuraj P., Dinesh Raja M., Pari S., Satheesh Kumar G., Uma Shankar V. Synthesis of Mn doped CdO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method for supercapacitor applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, 50 (17), P. 2679–2682.Christuraj P., Dinesh Raja M., Pari S., Satheesh Kumar G., Uma Shankar V. Synthesis of Mn doped CdO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method for supercapacitor applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, 50 (17), P. 2679–2682.Krishnaraj S., Anitha R. Photocatalytic degradation analysis of methylene blue aluminium doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles. J. Advanced Scientic Research, 2021, 12 (1), P. 75–80.Krishnaraj S., Anitha R. Photocatalytic degradation analysis of methylene blue aluminium doped cadmium oxide nanoparticles. J. Advanced Scientic Research, 2021, 12 (1), P. 75–80.Munshi A., Prakash T., Ranjith Kumar E., Balamurugan A., Habeebullah T.M., Bawazeer T.M., Abdel-Hafey S.H., El-MetwalyN.M., Indumathi T. Comparative investigation of physicochemical properties of cadmium oxide nanoparticles. Ceramics International, 2022, 48 (11), P. 4134–4140.Munshi A., Prakash T., Ranjith Kumar E., Balamurugan A., Habeebullah T.M., Bawazeer T.M., Abdel-Hafey S.H., El-MetwalyN.M., Indumathi T. Comparative investigation of physicochemical properties of cadmium oxide nanoparticles. Ceramics International, 2022, 48 (11), P. 4134–4140.Xinli Hao, Jinzhe Zhao, Yuehong Song and Zhifang Huang. Synthesis and oxidizability study on Mn3O4 nanoparticles. J. of Nano Research, 2017, 48, P. 138–147.Xinli Hao, Jinzhe Zhao, Yuehong Song and Zhifang Huang. Synthesis and oxidizability study on Mn3O4 nanoparticles. J. of Nano Research, 2017, 48, P. 138–147.Tanaswini Patra, Jagannath Panda, Tapas Ranjan Sahoo. Synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles via microwave combustion route for electrochemical energy storage application. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 41, P. 247–250.Tanaswini Patra, Jagannath Panda, Tapas Ranjan Sahoo. Synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles via microwave combustion route for electrochemical energy storage application. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 41, P. 247–250.Xiao She, Xinmin Zhang, Jingya Liu, Liang Li, Xianghua Yu, Zhiliang Huang, Songmin Shang. Microwave assisted synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles @ reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitors. Mater. Res. Bulletin, 2015, 70, P. 945–950.Xiao She, Xinmin Zhang, Jingya Liu, Liang Li, Xianghua Yu, Zhiliang Huang, Songmin Shang. Microwave assisted synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles @ reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitors. Mater. Res. Bulletin, 2015, 70, P. 945–950.Atique Ullah A.K.M., Fazle Kibria A.K.M., Akter M., Khan M.N.I., Tareq A.R.M., Firoz S.H. Oxidative degradation of methylene blue using Mn3O4 nanoparticles. Water Conservation Sci. Eng., 2017, 1 (4), P. 249–256.Atique Ullah A.K.M., Fazle Kibria A.K.M., Akter M., Khan M.N.I., Tareq A.R.M., Firoz S.H. Oxidative degradation of methylene blue using Mn3O4 nanoparticles. Water Conservation Sci. Eng., 2017, 1 (4), P. 249–256.Rafi Shaik M., Rabbani Syed, Farooq Adil S., Mufsir Kuniyil, Mujeeb Khan, Alqahtani M.S., Shaik J.P., Siddqui M.R.H., Al-Warthan A., Sharaf M.A.F., Abdelgawad, Mahrous Awwad E. Mn3O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their antimicrobial and anticancer activity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. Saudi J. Biological Science, 2021, 28, P. 1196–1202.Rafi Shaik M., Rabbani Syed, Farooq Adil S., Mufsir Kuniyil, Mujeeb Khan, Alqahtani M.S., Shaik J.P., Siddqui M.R.H., Al-Warthan A., Sharaf M.A.F., Abdelgawad, Mahrous Awwad E. Mn3O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their antimicrobial and anticancer activity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. Saudi J. Biological Science, 2021, 28, P. 1196–1202.Kalaiselvan C.R., Laha S.S., Somvanshi S.B., Tabish T.A., Thorat N.D., Sahu N.K. Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanostructures for cancer theranostics. Coord. Chem. Reviews, 2022, 473, 214809.Kalaiselvan C.R., Laha S.S., Somvanshi S.B., Tabish T.A., Thorat N.D., Sahu N.K. Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanostructures for cancer theranostics. Coord. Chem. Reviews, 2022, 473, 214809.Deepa G., Mahadevan C.K. Nanocrystalline composites based on CdCO3 and Mn3O4: Synthesis and properties. J. of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 763, P. 935–950.Deepa G., Mahadevan C.K. Nanocrystalline composites based on CdCO3 and Mn3O4: Synthesis and properties. J. of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 763, P. 935–950.Zhen-Yu Yuan, Fan Yang, Hong-Min-Zhu, Fan-Li-Meng, Medhat Ibrahim. High-response n-butanol gas sensor based on ZnO/In2O3 heterostructure. Rare Metals, 2023, 42 (24), P. 198–209.Zhen-Yu Yuan, Fan Yang, Hong-Min-Zhu, Fan-Li-Meng, Medhat Ibrahim. High-response n-butanol gas sensor based on ZnO/In2O3 heterostructure. Rare Metals, 2023, 42 (24), P. 198–209.Ishfaq M., Hassan W., Sabir M., Somaily H.H., Hachim S.K., Jawad Kadhim Z., Lafta H.A., Alnassar Y.S., Mahdi Rheima A., Rabia Ejaz S., Aadil M. Wet-chemical synthesis of ZnO/CdO/CeO2 heterostructure: A novel material for environmental remediation application. Ceramics International, 2022, 48 (23), P. 34590–34601.Ishfaq M., Hassan W., Sabir M., Somaily H.H., Hachim S.K., Jawad Kadhim Z., Lafta H.A., Alnassar Y.S., Mahdi Rheima A., Rabia Ejaz S., Aadil M. Wet-chemical synthesis of ZnO/CdO/CeO2 heterostructure: A novel material for environmental remediation application. Ceramics International, 2022, 48 (23), P. 34590–34601.Pranesh Shubha J., Shivappa Savitha H., Farooq Adil S., Mujeeb Khan, Rafe Hatshan M., Kavalli K., Shaik B. Straightforward synthesis of Mn3O4/ZnO/Eu2O3-based ternary heterostructure nano-photocatalyst and its application for the photodegradation of methyle orange and methylene blue dyes. Molecules, 2021, 26 (15), 4661.Pranesh Shubha J., Shivappa Savitha H., Farooq Adil S., Mujeeb Khan, Rafe Hatshan M., Kavalli K., Shaik B. Straightforward synthesis of Mn3O4/ZnO/Eu2O3-based ternary heterostructure nano-photocatalyst and its application for the photodegradation of methyle orange and methylene blue dyes. Molecules, 2021, 26 (15), 4661.Sundar S.M., Mahadevan C.K., Ramanathan P. On the preparation of ZnO–CdO nanocomposites. Mater. Manuf. Processes, 2007, 22 (3), P. 400– 403.Sundar S.M., Mahadevan C.K., Ramanathan P. On the preparation of ZnO–CdO nanocomposites. Mater. Manuf. Processes, 2007, 22 (3), P. 400– 403.Nallendran R., Selvan G., Balu A.R. Photoconductive and photocatalytic properties of CdO–NiO nanocomposites synthesized by a cost effective chemical method. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2018, 29 (13), P. 11384–11393.Nallendran R., Selvan G., Balu A.R. Photoconductive and photocatalytic properties of CdO–NiO nanocomposites synthesized by a cost effective chemical method. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 2018, 29 (13), P. 11384–11393.Deepa G., Mahadevan C.K. A facile method to prepare CdO–Mn3O4 nanocomposites. IOSR J. Applied Physics, 2013, 5 (1), P. 15–18.Deepa G., Mahadevan C.K. A facile method to prepare CdO–Mn3O4 nanocomposites. IOSR J. Applied Physics, 2013, 5 (1), P. 15–18.Kumar S., Ojha A.K. Synthesis, characterizations and antimicrobial activities of well dispersed ultra-long CdO nanowires. AIP Advances, 2013, 3 (5), 052109.Kumar S., Ojha A.K. Synthesis, characterizations and antimicrobial activities of well dispersed ultra-long CdO nanowires. AIP Advances, 2013, 3 (5), 052109.Bousqet-Berthelin C., Stuerga D. Flash microwave synthesis of Mn3O4-hausmannite nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci., 2005, 40 (1), P. 253–255.Bousqet-Berthelin C., Stuerga D. Flash microwave synthesis of Mn3O4-hausmannite nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci., 2005, 40 (1), P. 253–255.Prammitha Rajaram, Ambrose Rejo Jeice, Kumarasamy Jayakumar. Influences of calcination temperature on titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized using Averrhoa carambola leaf extract: in vitro antimicrobial activity and UV-lightvcatalyzed degradation of textile wastewater. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2023, 14 (17).Prammitha Rajaram, Ambrose Rejo Jeice, Kumarasamy Jayakumar. Influences of calcination temperature on titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized using Averrhoa carambola leaf extract: in vitro antimicrobial activity and UV-lightvcatalyzed degradation of textile wastewater. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2023, 14 (17).Krasilin A.A., Bodalyov I.S., Malkov A.A., Khrapova E.K., Maslennikova T.P., Malygin A.A. On an adsorption/photocatalytic performance of nanotubular Mg3Si2O5(OH)4/TiO2 composite. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2018, 9 (3), P. 410–416.Krasilin A.A., Bodalyov I.S., Malkov A.A., Khrapova E.K., Maslennikova T.P., Malygin A.A. On an adsorption/photocatalytic performance of nanotubular Mg3Si2O5(OH)4/TiO2 composite. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2018, 9 (3), P. 410–416.Kurilenko K.A., Petukhov D.I., Garshev A.V., Shlyakhtin O.A. Anionic redox effect on the electrochemical performance of LLNMC–CeO2–C nanocomposites. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2018, 9 (6), P. 775–782.Kurilenko K.A., Petukhov D.I., Garshev A.V., Shlyakhtin O.A. Anionic redox effect on the electrochemical performance of LLNMC–CeO2–C nanocomposites. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2018, 9 (6), P. 775–782.Nguyen Anh Tien, Chau Hong Diem, Nguyen Thi Truc Linh, Mittova V.O., Do Tra Huong, Mittova I.Ya. Structural and magnetic properties of YFe1−xCoxO3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) perovskite nanomaterials synthesized by co-precipitation method. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2018, 9 (3), P. 424–429.Nguyen Anh Tien, Chau Hong Diem, Nguyen Thi Truc Linh, Mittova V.O., Do Tra Huong, Mittova I.Ya. Structural and magnetic properties of YFe1−xCoxO3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) perovskite nanomaterials synthesized by co-precipitation method. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2018, 9 (3), P. 424–429.Raja S., Mahadevan C.K. Nanocrystalline solid slabs of pure and CdS added KCl-KBr for energy storage application: Preparation and properties. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 2023, 33, 100938.Raja S., Mahadevan C.K. Nanocrystalline solid slabs of pure and CdS added KCl-KBr for energy storage application: Preparation and properties. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 2023, 33, 100938.Prammitha Rajaram, Yesuvadian Samson, Ambrose Rejo Jeice. Synthesis of Cd(OH)2–CdO nanoparticles using veldt grape leaf extract: Enhanced dye degradation and microbial resistance. BioNanoScience, 2023, 13, P. 1289–1307.Prammitha Rajaram, Yesuvadian Samson, Ambrose Rejo Jeice. Synthesis of Cd(OH)2–CdO nanoparticles using veldt grape leaf extract: Enhanced dye degradation and microbial resistance. BioNanoScience, 2023, 13, P. 1289–1307.Hosny N.M., Othman E., Dossoki F.I.EI. Cd(Anthranilate)2.H2O as a precursor of CdO nanoparticles. J. of Molecular Structure, 2019, 1195, P. 723–732.Hosny N.M., Othman E., Dossoki F.I.EI. Cd(Anthranilate)2.H2O as a precursor of CdO nanoparticles. J. of Molecular Structure, 2019, 1195, P. 723–732.Bessy T.C., Bindhu M.R., Johnson J., Shen-Ming Chen, Tse-Wei Chen, Almaary K.S. UV light assisted photocatalytic degradation of textile waste water by Mg0.8−XZnXFe2O4 synthesized by combustion method and in-vitro antimicrobial activities. Environmetal Research, 2022, 204 (1), 111917.Bessy T.C., Bindhu M.R., Johnson J., Shen-Ming Chen, Tse-Wei Chen, Almaary K.S. UV light assisted photocatalytic degradation of textile waste water by Mg0.8−XZnXFe2O4 synthesized by combustion method and in-vitro antimicrobial activities. Environmetal Research, 2022, 204 (1), 111917.Vasiljevic Z.Z., Dojcinovic M.P., Vujancevic J.D., Jankovic-Castvan I., Ognjanovic M., Tadic N.B., Stojadinovic S., Brankovic G.O., Nikolic M.V. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under natural sunlight using iron titanate nanoparticles prepared by modified sol-gel method. Royal Society Open Science, 2020, 7 (9), 200708.Vasiljevic Z.Z., Dojcinovic M.P., Vujancevic J.D., Jankovic-Castvan I., Ognjanovic M., Tadic N.B., Stojadinovic S., Brankovic G.O., Nikolic M.V. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under natural sunlight using iron titanate nanoparticles prepared by modified sol-gel method. Royal Society Open Science, 2020, 7 (9), 200708.Aravind M., Amalanathan M., Sony Michael Mary M. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by chemical and green synthesis methods and their multifaceted properties. SN Applied Sciences, 2021, 3 (4), 409.Aravind M., Amalanathan M., Sony Michael Mary M. Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by chemical and green synthesis methods and their multifaceted properties. SN Applied Sciences, 2021, 3 (4), 409.Ancy K., Bindhu M.R., Sunitha Bai J., Gatasheh Mansour K., Atef Hatamleh A., Ilavenil S. Photocatalytic degradation of organic synthetic dyes and textile dyeing waste water by Al and F co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Environmental Research, 2022, 206 (12), 112492.Ancy K., Bindhu M.R., Sunitha Bai J., Gatasheh Mansour K., Atef Hatamleh A., Ilavenil S. Photocatalytic degradation of organic synthetic dyes and textile dyeing waste water by Al and F co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Environmental Research, 2022, 206 (12), 112492.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.