najoNanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, MathematicsНаносистемы: физика, химия, математика2220-80542305-7971Университет ИТМО10.17586/2220-8054-2026-17-3-346-356najo-1842Research ArticleCHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS SCIENCEХИМИЯ И НАУКА О МАТЕРИАЛАХLaser-enhanced activated carbon from Jericho date stones: unified evidence from multi-model structural, textural, and surface analysesУглерод, полученный методом лазерной обработки из финиковых косточек Иерихона: объединенные данные, полученные в результате многомодельного структурного, текстурного и поверхностного анализаhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-2877-0775ДжабрА.JabrA.

Ахмад Джабр

Ahmad Jabr

Nablus, Palestine

a.jabr@najah.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7890-9458СаадеддинИ.SaadeddinI.

Ияд Саадеддин

Iyad Saadeddin

Nablus

iyads@najah.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9397-2121Эль-ХамузА.El HamouzA.

Амер Эль-Хамуз

Amer El Hamouz

Nablus

elhamouz@najah.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8640-4396КамхиеЗ.QamhiehZ.

Заид Камхие

Zaid Qamhieh

Nablus

zqamhieh@najah.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-9208ЧжонХ.JungH.

Хён Чжон

Hyun Jung – Advanced Functional Nanohybrid Material Laboratory, Department of Chemistry.

Seoul-Campus, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620

chemphile@dongguk.eduhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-4179ПакЧ. В.ParkJ. W.

Чон Вон Пак

Jeong Won Park – Advanced Functional Nanohybrid Material Laboratory, Department of Chemistry.

Seoul-Campus, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620

pjw409@gmail.comAn-Najah National UniversityPalestinian Territory, OccupiedDongguk UniversityKorea, Republic of202618072026173346356Copyright © Jabr A., Saadeddin I., El Hamouz A., Qamhieh Z., Jung H., Park J., 20262026Джабр А., Саадеддин И., Эль-Хамуз А., Камхие З., Чжон Х., Пак Ч.Jabr A., Saadeddin I., El Hamouz A., Qamhieh Z., Jung H., Park J.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/1842

Activated carbon from date stones is a promising material for energy, environmental and catalytic applications due to its high carbon yield, renewable nature, and tunable porosity. This paper presents an extensive comparative study of potassium hydroxide-activated carbon (AC) vs. Nd:YAG laser post-treated activated carbon (LAC), both derived from Jericho date stones. Comprehensive analyses – XRD, SEM, FTIR, nitrogen sorption (BJH, Horvath-Kawazoe, DFT, DR, DA), BET, Langmuir, and t-plot – show striking improvement in LAC’s microporosity, mesoporosity, surface area, and surface chemistry. Benchmarking against published literature, these findings demonstrate unified agreement across models and characterization methods, thus supporting laser post-treatment as an effective complementary strategy for tailoring the textural and surface properties of biomass-derived activated carbon and may offer a promising pathway for further development of sustainable porous carbon materials.

Активированный уголь из косточек фиников является перспективным материалом для энергетических, экологических и каталитических применений благодаря высокому выходу углерода, возобновляемому характеру и регулируемой пористости. В данной статье представлено обширное сравнительное исследование активированного угля (АК), полученного с использованием гидроксида калия, и активированного угля (ЛАУ), обработанного лазером Nd:YAG, оба материала получены из косточек фиников сорта «Иерихон». Комплексный анализ – рентгенодифракционный анализ (XRD), сканирующая электронная микроскопия (SEM), инфракрасная спектроскопия с преобразованием Фурье (FTIR), адсорбция азота (BJH, Horvath-Kawazoe, DFT, DR, DA), метод БЕТ, метод Лангмюра и t-график – показывает значительное улучшение микропористости, мезопористости, площади поверхности и химического состава поверхности ЛАУ. Сравнивая полученные результаты с опубликованными данными, можно отметить единое соответствие между моделями и методами характеризации, что подтверждает эффективность лазерной постобработки как дополнительной стратегии для целенаправленного изменения текстурных и поверхностных свойств активированного угля, полученного из биомассы, и может открыть перспективный путь для дальнейшего развития устойчивых пористых углеродных материалов.

Активированный угольлазерная карбонизацияактивированный угольполученный с помощью лазеракосточки финиковDFTPSDкинетика адсорбцииactivated carbonlaser carbonizationlaser-assisted activated carbondate stonesDFTPSDadsorption kineticsReferencesFoo K.Y., Hameed B.H. Microwave-assisted preparation of activated carbon from biomass. Chem Eng J., 2011, 173, P. 385–390.Foo K.Y., Hameed B.H. Microwave-assisted preparation of activated carbon from biomass. Chem Eng J., 2011, 173, P. 385–390.Alhamed M., Bamufleh H. Sulfur removal using activated carbon derived from Saudi Arabian date pits. Fuel Process Technol., 2009, 90, P. 1165– 1171.Alhamed M., Bamufleh H. Sulfur removal using activated carbon derived from Saudi Arabian date pits. Fuel Process Technol., 2009, 90, P. 1165– 1171.Haimour N., Emeish S. Utilization of date stones for production of activated carbon. Environ Chem Lett., 2005, 3, P. 79–85.Haimour N., Emeish S. Utilization of date stones for production of activated carbon. Environ Chem Lett., 2005, 3, P. 79–85.Taki E.A., Salman S.D. A review on Activated Carbon Prepared from Agricultural Waste using Conventional and Microwave Activation. AlKhwarizmi Eng J., 2023, 19(3), P. 33–43.Taki E.A., Salman S.D. A review on Activated Carbon Prepared from Agricultural Waste using Conventional and Microwave Activation. AlKhwarizmi Eng J., 2023, 19(3), P. 33–43.Alharbi H.A. Recent methods in the production of activated carbon from date palm residues. Front Environ Sci., 2022, 10, 996953.Alharbi H.A. Recent methods in the production of activated carbon from date palm residues. Front Environ Sci., 2022, 10, 996953.Aloud S.S., Jareb M.A., Almasabi M.I., El-Sayed A.M., Al-Dossary M. Production of activated carbon from date palm stones using mixed alkaline activators. Sci Rep., 2023, 13, 45864.Aloud S.S., Jareb M.A., Almasabi M.I., El-Sayed A.M., Al-Dossary M. Production of activated carbon from date palm stones using mixed alkaline activators. Sci Rep., 2023, 13, 45864.Foo M., Hameed B. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pistachio nutshell-based agricultural waste materials. Biomass Bioenergy., 2012, 46, P. 257–270.Foo M., Hameed B. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pistachio nutshell-based agricultural waste materials. Biomass Bioenergy., 2012, 46, P. 257–270.Jabbar R. Comparative study of activating agents for date pit-based carbon adsorbents. Arab J Chem., 2020, 13, P. 857–866.Jabbar R. Comparative study of activating agents for date pit-based carbon adsorbents. Arab J Chem., 2020, 13, P. 857–866.Bamerdhah S.S., Almasabi M.I., Jareb M.A., Al-Dossary M., El-Sayed A.M. Optimized synthesis of activated carbon from date palm residues. Nature Scientific Reports., 2025, 15, 16831.Bamerdhah S.S., Almasabi M.I., Jareb M.A., Al-Dossary M., El-Sayed A.M. Optimized synthesis of activated carbon from date palm residues. Nature Scientific Reports., 2025, 15, 16831.Al-Ghouti M.A., Da’ana D., Abu-Dieyeh M., Khraisheh M. Adsorptive removal of mercury from water by adsorbents derived from date pits. Sci Rep., 2019, 9 (1), 15327.Al-Ghouti M.A., Da’ana D., Abu-Dieyeh M., Khraisheh M. Adsorptive removal of mercury from water by adsorbents derived from date pits. Sci Rep., 2019, 9 (1), 15327.del Pino A.P., Curcio M., Rehorek A., Santoro R., Tobiere L., Cacciotti I., et al. Functional enhancement of laser deposited carbon-based nanostructures. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2023, 43, P. 508–517.del Pino A.P., Curcio M., Rehorek A., Santoro R., Tobiere L., Cacciotti I., et al. Functional enhancement of laser deposited carbon-based nanostructures. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2023, 43, P. 508–517.Curcio M., del Pino A.P., Santoro R., Rehorek A., Cacciotti I., Santucci S., et al. Laser irradiation of bio-waste-derived carbon unlocks enhanced performance in electrochemical devices. Carbon, 2021, 182, P. 302–312.Curcio M., del Pino A.P., Santoro R., Rehorek A., Cacciotti I., Santucci S., et al. Laser irradiation of bio-waste-derived carbon unlocks enhanced performance in electrochemical devices. Carbon, 2021, 182, P. 302–312.Devi M., Kumar R., Singh P., Karumuri S.K., Yadav S., Singh M.K., et al. Laser-Carbonization – A powerful tool for micro-fabrication of flexible carbon nanomaterials. Adv Mater., 2023, 35, 2211054.Devi M., Kumar R., Singh P., Karumuri S.K., Yadav S., Singh M.K., et al. Laser-Carbonization – A powerful tool for micro-fabrication of flexible carbon nanomaterials. Adv Mater., 2023, 35, 2211054.Ribeiro-González A., del Pino A.P., Loperena L., Curcio M., Santoro R., Cacciotti I., et al. Pulsed laser synthesis of carbon nanostructures from renewable precursors. Nanomaterials, 2025, 15, 556.Ribeiro-González A., del Pino A.P., Loperena L., Curcio M., Santoro R., Cacciotti I., et al. Pulsed laser synthesis of carbon nanostructures from renewable precursors. Nanomaterials, 2025, 15, 556.Bruckschlegel C., Kroll M., Gierspeck A., Santoro R., del Pino A.P., Tobiere L., et al. Laser-generated Pt/Ni nanocatalyst–carbon nanofiber hybrids. Carbon Lett., 2025, 41, P. 99–112.Bruckschlegel C., Kroll M., Gierspeck A., Santoro R., del Pino A.P., Tobiere L., et al. Laser-generated Pt/Ni nanocatalyst–carbon nanofiber hybrids. Carbon Lett., 2025, 41, P. 99–112.Serafin J., Mielcarek M., Nowicki P., Klich Z., Stankevicˇ D. Preparation of activated carbon from Argan shells with optimized KOH activation. Fuel, 2025, 340, 127238.Serafin J., Mielcarek M., Nowicki P., Klich Z., Stankevicˇ D. Preparation of activated carbon from Argan shells with optimized KOH activation. Fuel, 2025, 340, 127238.Chu M., Zhao G., Zhang J., Li Y., Yang Z., Zha Z., et al. Laser light-triggered activated carbon nanosystem for biomedical use. Biomaterials, 2013, 4, P. 554–563.Chu M., Zhao G., Zhang J., Li Y., Yang Z., Zha Z., et al. Laser light-triggered activated carbon nanosystem for biomedical use. Biomaterials, 2013, 4, P. 554–563.El-Kady M., Kaner R. Laser-scribed graphene and its applications. ACS Nano, 2013, 7, P. 436–445.El-Kady M., Kaner R. Laser-scribed graphene and its applications. ACS Nano, 2013, 7, P. 436–445.Shao S., Liu S., Li Y., Yu Y., Dong W., Li X. Laser-modified porous carbon electrodes with enhanced electrochemical performance. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 270, P. 50–59.Shao S., Liu S., Li Y., Yu Y., Dong W., Li X. Laser-modified porous carbon electrodes with enhanced electrochemical performance. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 270, P. 50–59.Devi M., Kumar R., Singh P., Karumuri S.K., Singh M.K., Bhaumik M., et al. Laser Carbonization and nanoscale engineering of bio-derived carbons. Adv Sci., 2024, 10, 2301349.Devi M., Kumar R., Singh P., Karumuri S.K., Singh M.K., Bhaumik M., et al. Laser Carbonization and nanoscale engineering of bio-derived carbons. Adv Sci., 2024, 10, 2301349.Mopoung S., Saikhwan O., Narkphong P. Characterization and Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tamarind Seed by KOH Activation. J. Chem., 2015, 2015 (6), P. 1–6.Mopoung S., Saikhwan O., Narkphong P. Characterization and Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tamarind Seed by KOH Activation. J. Chem., 2015, 2015 (6), P. 1–6.Nandi R., De S., Chowdhury P., Bera A., Hazra S., Bhowmick R., et al. Impact of KOH Activation on Rice Husk Derived Porous Carbon: Morphology and Performance. ACS Omega, 2023, 8 (1), P. 689–702.Nandi R., De S., Chowdhury P., Bera A., Hazra S., Bhowmick R., et al. Impact of KOH Activation on Rice Husk Derived Porous Carbon: Morphology and Performance. ACS Omega, 2023, 8 (1), P. 689–702.Tobi A.R., Abdullah S.A., Hameed A. Comparative analysis of physiochemical properties of activated carbon. Karachi J Chem. Eng. Tech., 2019, 5 (2), P. 33–40.Tobi A.R., Abdullah S.A., Hameed A. Comparative analysis of physiochemical properties of activated carbon. Karachi J Chem. Eng. Tech., 2019, 5 (2), P. 33–40.Lendzion-Bielun´ Z., Korga-Plewko A., Grzys´ E., Ke˛dziora M. Surface characteristics of KOH-treated commercial carbons: An XRD study. J. Mater. Sci., 2018, 53 (2), P. 1312–1320.Lendzion-Bielun´ Z., Korga-Plewko A., Grzys´ E., Ke˛dziora M. Surface characteristics of KOH-treated commercial carbons: An XRD study. J. Mater. Sci., 2018, 53 (2), P. 1312–1320.Neolaka Y.A., Riwu A.A., Aigbe U.O., Ukhurebor K.E., Onyancha R.B., Darmokoesoemo H., et al. Potential of activated carbon from various sources as a low-cost adsorbent to remove heavy metals and synthetic dyes. Results Chem., 2023, 5, 100711.Neolaka Y.A., Riwu A.A., Aigbe U.O., Ukhurebor K.E., Onyancha R.B., Darmokoesoemo H., et al. Potential of activated carbon from various sources as a low-cost adsorbent to remove heavy metals and synthetic dyes. Results Chem., 2023, 5, 100711.Park S.J., Jang Y.S., Lee C.S. Effect of KOH activation on the formation of oxygen structure in activated carbon surface. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2002, 250, P. 93–98.Park S.J., Jang Y.S., Lee C.S. Effect of KOH activation on the formation of oxygen structure in activated carbon surface. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2002, 250, P. 93–98.Peng Y., Xu G., Ding Z., Du P. Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups Regulating the Electrochemical Behavior of Graphene Oxide. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11.Peng Y., Xu G., Ding Z., Du P. Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups Regulating the Electrochemical Behavior of Graphene Oxide. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11.Alhamed M., Bamufleh H. Sulfur removal from model diesel fuel using date-pit activated carbon. Fuel, 2009, 88 (1), P. 87–94.Alhamed M., Bamufleh H. Sulfur removal from model diesel fuel using date-pit activated carbon. Fuel, 2009, 88 (1), P. 87–94.Liu B., Sun Z., Wu Y., Yang J., Wang S., Hu D., et al. The synergistic effect of oxygen-containing functional groups for enhanced capacitor performance of activated carbon. Nanomaterials, 2018, 8, P. 886–899.Liu B., Sun Z., Wu Y., Yang J., Wang S., Hu D., et al. The synergistic effect of oxygen-containing functional groups for enhanced capacitor performance of activated carbon. Nanomaterials, 2018, 8, P. 886–899.Kim J.H., Jang Y., Lee J.H., Kim S.Y., Lee M. Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid-treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction. Carbon Lett., 2019, 29, P. 23–28.Kim J.H., Jang Y., Lee J.H., Kim S.Y., Lee M. Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid-treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction. Carbon Lett., 2019, 29, P. 23–28.Fantinelli Franco F., Curcio M., Santoro R., Tobiere L., Cacciotti I., Del Pino A.P., et al. Optimizing Carbon Structures in Laser-Induced Graphene for High-Performance Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 46 (16), P. 34567–34577.Fantinelli Franco F., Curcio M., Santoro R., Tobiere L., Cacciotti I., Del Pino A.P., et al. Optimizing Carbon Structures in Laser-Induced Graphene for High-Performance Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 46 (16), P. 34567–34577.Pasieczna-Patkowska S., Patkowski P., Skóra J., Szubka M. Comparison of photoacoustic, diffuse reflectance, and FTIR spectroscopy of activated carbon for surface group analysis. Carbon Lett., 2018, 29, P. 456–462.Pasieczna-Patkowska S., Patkowski P., Skóra J., Szubka M. Comparison of photoacoustic, diffuse reflectance, and FTIR spectroscopy of activated carbon for surface group analysis. Carbon Lett., 2018, 29, P. 456–462.de Oliveira J.C.A., Ferraresso-Silva C., Caires J.C.A., Torem M., Costa C. An Efficient Method to Characterize Activated Carbons and Their Pore Size Distribution. Langmuir, 2021, 37 (2), P. 562–572.de Oliveira J.C.A., Ferraresso-Silva C., Caires J.C.A., Torem M., Costa C. An Efficient Method to Characterize Activated Carbons and Their Pore Size Distribution. Langmuir, 2021, 37 (2), P. 562–572.Wasutha T., Kaewsompak K., Joompol N., Jaturapiree P. Synthesis and characterization of microporous activated carbons: effect of impregnation ratio and activation temperature. Carbon Lett., 2021, 31, P. 115–125.Wasutha T., Kaewsompak K., Joompol N., Jaturapiree P. Synthesis and characterization of microporous activated carbons: effect of impregnation ratio and activation temperature. Carbon Lett., 2021, 31, P. 115–125.Khezami L., El-Aloui S., Chetouani A., Taoufik A., Lahrich S., Jada A. Activated carbon from thermo-compressed wood and other lignocellulosic precursors: Comparison of physical and chemical activation. BioResources, 2007, 2 (2), P. 193–209.Khezami L., El-Aloui S., Chetouani A., Taoufik A., Lahrich S., Jada A. Activated carbon from thermo-compressed wood and other lignocellulosic precursors: Comparison of physical and chemical activation. BioResources, 2007, 2 (2), P. 193–209.Wu F.C., Tseng R.L., Juang R.S. Comparisons of porous and adsorption properties of steam and KOH activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2005, 79 (1–3), P. 255–264.Wu F.C., Tseng R.L., Juang R.S. Comparisons of porous and adsorption properties of steam and KOH activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2005, 79 (1–3), P. 255–264.Fierro V., Suty H., Masson G., Le Coq L., Simon C., Le Cloirec P. Pore size distribution in microporous carbons obtained by chemical and physical activation. Carbon, 2007, 45 (1), P. 149–161.Fierro V., Suty H., Masson G., Le Coq L., Simon C., Le Cloirec P. Pore size distribution in microporous carbons obtained by chemical and physical activation. Carbon, 2007, 45 (1), P. 149–161.Rege S.U., Yang R.T., Horvath-Kawazoe K. Corrected Horvath-Kawazoe Equations for Pore-Size Distribution in Microporous Materials. Langmuir., 2000, 16(2), P. 719–732.Rege S.U., Yang R.T., Horvath-Kawazoe K. Corrected Horvath-Kawazoe Equations for Pore-Size Distribution in Microporous Materials. Langmuir., 2000, 16(2), P. 719–732.Kaneko K., Ishii M. Superhigh Surface Area Determination of Microporous Carbons by Nitrogen Adsorption. Carbon, 1994, 32 (2), P. 267–272.Kaneko K., Ishii M. Superhigh Surface Area Determination of Microporous Carbons by Nitrogen Adsorption. Carbon, 1994, 32 (2), P. 267–272.Lawtae P., Duangpatra S., Jaturapiree P., Niamlang S. Improving porous properties of activated carbon from rubber wood by two-step pyrolysis and chemical activation. Carbon Lett., 2023, 33 (1), P. 45–54.Lawtae P., Duangpatra S., Jaturapiree P., Niamlang S. Improving porous properties of activated carbon from rubber wood by two-step pyrolysis and chemical activation. Carbon Lett., 2023, 33 (1), P. 45–54.Nguyen T., Le H., Nguyen T., Tran T., Hoang T., Phan H., et al. Effect of pore structure on adsorption kinetics and mechanisms in activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2021, 317, 111168.Nguyen T., Le H., Nguyen T., Tran T., Hoang T., Phan H., et al. Effect of pore structure on adsorption kinetics and mechanisms in activated carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2021, 317, 111168.Sevilla M., Fuertes A.B. Structural characteristics of activated carbons obtained by chemical activation of biomass precursors. Carbon., 2009, 47 (9), P. 2281–2289.Sevilla M., Fuertes A.B. Structural characteristics of activated carbons obtained by chemical activation of biomass precursors. Carbon., 2009, 47 (9), P. 2281–2289.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.