<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">najo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Наносистемы: физика, химия, математика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-8054</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-7971</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2220-8054-2018-9-4-484-490</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">najo-716</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Testing Bell inequalities for multi-partite systems with frequency-encoded photonic qubits</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheremetev</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kronverkskiy, 49, St. Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vlad.sheremetiev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kronverkskiy, 49, St. Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">plane2393@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trifanov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kronverkskiy, 49, St. Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alextrifanov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>484</fpage><lpage>490</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Sheremetev V.O., Rudenko A.S., Trifanov A.I., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Sheremetev V.O., Rudenko A.S., Trifanov A.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sheremetev V.O., Rudenko A.S., Trifanov A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/716">https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/716</self-uri><abstract><p>Generalizing the problem of state nonlocality measurement, we suggest a multi-partite Bell test for multi-photon frequency-entangled quantum state in a quantum network. Each side of this network is equipped with a generalized detector, consisting of an electro-optic phase modulator, frequency filter and photo-counter. In our paper, we develop a theory of Bell nonlocality measurement in frequency domain, using generalized Svetlichny inequalities. Solving the optimization problem for detectors inputs, we obtain optimal measurement parameters which allow strong violation of considered inequalities. As a particular case, we consider bi- and tripartite cases for EPR, GHZ and Wigner states correspondingly.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Quantum nano-technologies</kwd><kwd>Bell nonlocality</kwd><kwd>spectral-entangled photons</kwd><kwd>phase modulation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was partially financially supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (grant 08-08), by grant 16-11-10330 of Russian Science Foundation.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruner N., et al. Bell nonlocality. Review of Modern Physics, 2014, 86 (2), P. 419–478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruner N., et al. Bell nonlocality. Review of Modern Physics, 2014, 86 (2), P. 419–478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horodecki R. Quantum entanglement. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2009, 81 (2), P. 865–942.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horodecki R. Quantum entanglement. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2009, 81 (2), P. 865–942.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gisin N. Bell’s inequality holds for all non-product states. Physics Letters A, 1991, 154 (5–6), P. 201–202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gisin N. Bell’s inequality holds for all non-product states. Physics Letters A, 1991, 154 (5–6), P. 201–202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barret J. Nonsequential POVM’s on entangled mixed states do not always violate a Bell inequality. Physical Review A, 2002, 65 (4), 042302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barret J. Nonsequential POVM’s on entangled mixed states do not always violate a Bell inequality. Physical Review A, 2002, 65 (4), 042302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masanes L., Liang Y.-C., Doherty A.C. All Bipartite Entangled States Display Some Hidden Nonlocality. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 100 (9), 090403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masanes L., Liang Y.-C., Doherty A.C. All Bipartite Entangled States Display Some Hidden Nonlocality. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 100 (9), 090403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell J.S. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox. Physics, 1964, 1 (3), P. 195–200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell J.S. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox. Physics, 1964, 1 (3), P. 195–200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clauser J.F., Horne M.A. Experimental consequences of objective local theories. Phys. Rev. D, 1974, 10, P. 526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clauser J.F., Horne M.A. Experimental consequences of objective local theories. Phys. Rev. D, 1974, 10, P. 526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clauser J.F., Horne M.A., Shimony A., Holt R.A. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox. Physical Review Letters, 1969, 23 (15), P. 880.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clauser J.F., Horne M.A., Shimony A., Holt R.A. On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox. Physical Review Letters, 1969, 23 (15), P. 880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mermin N.D. Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states. Physical Review Letters, 1990, 65 (15), P. 1838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mermin N.D. Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states. Physical Review Letters, 1990, 65 (15), P. 1838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belinskii A., Klyshko D. Interference of light and Bell’s theorem. Physics-Uspekhi, 1993, 36 (8), P. 653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belinskii A., Klyshko D. Interference of light and Bell’s theorem. Physics-Uspekhi, 1993, 36 (8), P. 653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lodahl P., Mahmoodian S., Stobbe S. Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2015, 87 (2), P. 347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lodahl P., Mahmoodian S., Stobbe S. Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2015, 87 (2), P. 347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gisin N., et al. Quantum cryptography. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2002, 74 (1), P. 145–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gisin N., et al. Quantum cryptography. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2002, 74 (1), P. 145–195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soorat R., Madhuri K., Vudayagiri A. Random number generator for cryptography. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2017, 8 (5), P. 600–605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soorat R., Madhuri K., Vudayagiri A. Random number generator for cryptography. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2017, 8 (5), P. 600–605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanova A.E., Chivilikhin S.A., Gleim A.V. The use of beam and fiber splitters in quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2016, 7 (2), P. 378–383.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova A.E., Chivilikhin S.A., Gleim A.V. The use of beam and fiber splitters in quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2016, 7 (2), P. 378–383.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kues M., et al. On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control. Nature, 2017, 546, P. 622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kues M., et al. On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control. Nature, 2017, 546, P. 622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeilinger A., et al. Significant-loophole-free test of Bell’s theorem with entangled photons. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 115 (25), 250401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeilinger A., et al. Significant-loophole-free test of Bell’s theorem with entangled photons. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 115 (25), 250401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knill E., et al. Strong loophole-free test of local realism. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 115 (25), 250402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knill E., et al. Strong loophole-free test of local realism. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 115 (25), 250402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capmany J., Fernandez-Pousa C.R. Realization of Single-Photon Frequency-Domain Qubit Channels Using Phase Modulators. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012, 4 (6), P. 2074–2084.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capmany J., Fernandez-Pousa C.R. Realization of Single-Photon Frequency-Domain Qubit Channels Using Phase Modulators. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012, 4 (6), P. 2074–2084.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lukens J.M., Lougovsky P. Frequency-encoded photonic qubits for scalable quantum information processing. Optica, 2017, 4 (1), 010008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukens J.M., Lougovsky P. Frequency-encoded photonic qubits for scalable quantum information processing. Optica, 2017, 4 (1), 010008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu H.-H., et al. Electro-Optic Frequency Beam Splitters and Tritters for High-Fidelity Photonic Quantum Information Processing. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 120 (3), 030502(6).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu H.-H., et al. Electro-Optic Frequency Beam Splitters and Tritters for High-Fidelity Photonic Quantum Information Processing. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 120 (3), 030502(6).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olislager L., et al. Implementing two-photon interference in the frequency domain with electro-optic phase modulators. New Journal of Physics, 2012, 14, 043015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olislager L., et al. Implementing two-photon interference in the frequency domain with electro-optic phase modulators. New Journal of Physics, 2012, 14, 043015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo X., Mey Y., Du S. Testing the Bell inequality on frequency-bin entangled photon pairs using time-resolved detection. Optica, 2017, 4 (4), 040388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo X., Mey Y., Du S. Testing the Bell inequality on frequency-bin entangled photon pairs using time-resolved detection. Optica, 2017, 4 (4), 040388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capmany J., Fernandez-Pousa C.R. Quantum modelling of electro-optic modulators. Laser Photonics Review, 2011, 5 (6), P. 750–772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capmany J., Fernandez-Pousa C.R. Quantum modelling of electro-optic modulators. Laser Photonics Review, 2011, 5 (6), P. 750–772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miroshnichenko G.P., et al. Algebraic approach to electro-optic modulation of light: exactly solvable multimode quantum model. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 2017, 34 (6), 061177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miroshnichenko G.P., et al. Algebraic approach to electro-optic modulation of light: exactly solvable multimode quantum model. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 2017, 34 (6), 061177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svetlichny G. Distinguishing three-body from two-body nonseparability by a Bell-type inequality. Physical Review D, 1987, 35 (10), 3066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svetlichny G. Distinguishing three-body from two-body nonseparability by a Bell-type inequality. Physical Review D, 1987, 35 (10), 3066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seevinck M., Svetlichny G. Bell-Type Inequalities for Partial Separability in N-Particle Systems and Quantum Mechanical Violations. Physical Review Letters, 2002, 89 (6), 060401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seevinck M., Svetlichny G. Bell-Type Inequalities for Partial Separability in N-Particle Systems and Quantum Mechanical Violations. Physical Review Letters, 2002, 89 (6), 060401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
