<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">najo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Наносистемы: физика, химия, математика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-8054</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-7971</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">najo-884</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Optical induction of 3D refractive lattices in doubly doped LiNbO3 photorefractive crystal</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Badalyan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>0203, Ashtarak-2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mantashyan</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>0203, Ashtarak-2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mekhitaryan</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>0203, Ashtarak-2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nersesyan</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>0203, Ashtarak-2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vars.nersesyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drampyan</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>0203, Ashtarak-2</p><p>H. Emin str. 123, 0051, Yerevan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Institute for Physical Research, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia</institution><country>Armenia</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Institute for Physical Research, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia; Armenian – Russian (Slavonic) University</institution><country>Armenia</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>210–216</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Badalyan A., Mantashyan P., Mekhitaryan V., Nersesyan V., Drampyan R., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Badalyan A., Mantashyan P., Mekhitaryan V., Nersesyan V., Drampyan R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Badalyan A., Mantashyan P., Mekhitaryan V., Nersesyan V., Drampyan R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/884">https://nanojournal.ifmo.ru/jour/article/view/884</self-uri><abstract><p>The optical induction of 3D rotational symmetry refractive lattices in doubly doped photorefractive and photochromic LiNbO3:Fe:Cu crystal by combined interferometric-mask method was performed. The method is based on the spatial light modulation by amplitude mask in the transverse plane and the use of counter-propagating beam geometry building up a Gaussian standing wave, which defines the light intensity modulation in the axial direction with half-wavelength periodicity. Masks with rotationally symmetrical structures are used in the experiment. The created intensity pattern was imparted into the LiNbO3:Fe:Cu crystal thus creating refractive lattice with the periods of 20 – 60 µm in the radial and azimuthal directions and 266 nm in the axial direction. The refractive and dispersive properties of the recorded lattices were studied.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Photonic lattice</kwd><kwd>photorefractive and photochromic effects</kwd><kwd>lithium niobate</kwd><kwd>micro- and nano-structures</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by International Science and Technology Center Grant, Project A-1517 and National Grant of State Committee of Science of Armenia, Project 1-6/HK.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Adibi, K. Buse, D. Psaltis. Two-center holographic recording. JOSA B, 18, P. 584–601 (2001).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Adibi, K. Buse, D. Psaltis. Two-center holographic recording. JOSA B, 18, P. 584–601 (2001).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">K. Buse, C. Denz, W. Krolikowski. Photorefractive materials, effects, and devices: control of light and matter. Appl. Phys. B, 95 (3), P. 389–390 (2009).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Buse, C. Denz, W. Krolikowski. Photorefractive materials, effects, and devices: control of light and matter. Appl. Phys. B, 95 (3), P. 389–390 (2009).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M.E. Zorob, M.D.B. Charlton, et al. Complete photonic bandgaps in 12-fold symmetric quasicrystals. Nature, 404, P. 740 (2002).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M.E. Zorob, M.D.B. Charlton, et al. Complete photonic bandgaps in 12-fold symmetric quasicrystals. Nature, 404, P. 740 (2002).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">W. Man, M. Megens, P.G. Steinhardt, P.M. Chaikin. Experimental measurement of the photonic properties of icosahedral quasicrystals. Nature, 436, P. 993 (2005).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">W. Man, M. Megens, P.G. Steinhardt, P.M. Chaikin. Experimental measurement of the photonic properties of icosahedral quasicrystals. Nature, 436, P. 993 (2005).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Badalyan, R. Hovsepyan, et al. Combined interferometric-mask method for creation of micro- and submicrometric scale 3D structures in photorefractive materials. Proceedings of SPIE, International Conference on Laser Physics 2010, 7998, P. 7998OH-1–10 (2011).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Badalyan, R. Hovsepyan, et al. Combined interferometric-mask method for creation of micro- and submicrometric scale 3D structures in photorefractive materials. Proceedings of SPIE, International Conference on Laser Physics 2010, 7998, P. 7998OH-1–10 (2011).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Badalyan, T. Gevorgyan, et al. Engineering of 2D and 3D holographic gratings in photorefractive media. Proceedings of SPIE, Photonics and Micro- and Nano-structured Materials 2011, 8414, P. 8414 05-1–11 (2012).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Badalyan, T. Gevorgyan, et al. Engineering of 2D and 3D holographic gratings in photorefractive media. Proceedings of SPIE, Photonics and Micro- and Nano-structured Materials 2011, 8414, P. 8414 05-1–11 (2012).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. Mantashyan. Photochromic effect and holographic recording in doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals. Proceedings of SPIE, International Conference on Laser Physics 2010, 7998, P. 7998OJ-1–9 (2011).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P. Mantashyan. Photochromic effect and holographic recording in doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals. Proceedings of SPIE, International Conference on Laser Physics 2010, 7998, P. 7998OJ-1–9 (2011).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G.T. Avanesyan, E.S. Vartanyan, et al. Mechanisms of photochromic and photorefractive effects in doubly doped lithium niobate crystals. Physica Status Solidi A, 126 (1), P. 245–252 (1991).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">G.T. Avanesyan, E.S. Vartanyan, et al. Mechanisms of photochromic and photorefractive effects in doubly doped lithium niobate crystals. Physica Status Solidi A, 126 (1), P. 245–252 (1991).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.M. Glass, D. von der Linde, T.J. Negran. High-voltage bulk photovoltaic effect and the photorefractive process in LiNbO3. Appl. Phys. Lett., 25, P. 233–235 (1974).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A.M. Glass, D. von der Linde, T.J. Negran. High-voltage bulk photovoltaic effect and the photorefractive process in LiNbO3. Appl. Phys. Lett., 25, P. 233–235 (1974).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F.S. Chen. Optically induced change of refractive indices in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. J. Appl. Phys., 40, P. 3389 (1969).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">F.S. Chen. Optically induced change of refractive indices in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. J. Appl. Phys., 40, P. 3389 (1969).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">K. Buse. Light-induced charge transport processes in photorefractive crystals. Appl. Phys. B, 64 (3), P. 273– 291 (1997).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Buse. Light-induced charge transport processes in photorefractive crystals. Appl. Phys. B, 64 (3), P. 273– 291 (1997).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Y. Yang, I. Nee, K. Buse, D. Psaltis. Ionic and electronic dark decay of holograms in LiNbO3:Fe crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, P. 4076 (2011).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Y. Yang, I. Nee, K. Buse, D. Psaltis. Ionic and electronic dark decay of holograms in LiNbO3:Fe crystals. Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, P. 4076 (2011).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">I. Nee, M. Muller, K. Buse, E. Kratzig. Role of iron in lithium-niobate crystals for the dark-storage time of holograms. J. Appl. Phys., 88, P. 4282 (2000).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. Nee, M. Muller, K. Buse, E. Kratzig. Role of iron in lithium-niobate crystals for the dark-storage time of holograms. J. Appl. Phys., 88, P. 4282 (2000).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
