Heterodyne Detection Method Of Multimode States for Subcarrier Wave Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution

Abstract

Anovelcoherentdetectionmethodforsubcarrier wave (SCW) quantumstatesappliedtocontinuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is presented. The proposed approach relies on repeated phase modulation at the receiver and spatial separation of the carrier and subcarrier frequency components. The resulting output is an intermediate frequency determined by the difference between the sender’s and receiver’s modulation frequencies. An analytical model of the detection output is developed through time-varying modulation using a classical method based on Bessel functions, and a comparative analysis with alternative het erodyne detection methods is provided. Experimental validation confirms the linear dependence of the out put signal on the receiver’s modulation frequency and the sender’s modulation index in the small-modulation regime. Furthermore, the feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated through the detection of discretely modulated signals using quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK).