Novel gold nanoparticle-protein-semiconductor quantum dot hybrid system: synthesis, characterization and application in cancer cell imaging
https://doi.org/10.17586/2220-8054-2021-12-6-749-762
Abstract
Formation of a hybrid system by metallic nanoparticle, protein (or peptide), and a semiconductor QD can be a new and alternate material which may be used for biological applications including cancer cell detection and treatment. Herein, we report on the colloidal synthesis of metal-protein-QD hybrid system considering Au NPs, CdSe QDs, BSA and Lysozyme protein. We demonstrate the structural, optical and vibrational properties of Au-CdSe, Au-BSA-CdSe and Au-Lysozyme-CdSe hybrid systems following their use as cancer cell markers. The study of photoluminescence spectra reveals the predominance fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CdSe QDs and Au NPs, Au-BSA and Au-Lysozyme complex. The energy transfer efficiency between QDs donor and the Au NPs, Au-BSA, Au-Lysozyme acceptors are estimated to be 46%, 94% and 64%; respectively. Fluorescence imaging results represent high biocompatibility and fluorescent behavior of the QDs and its hybrid system in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The calculation of corrected total counts of fluorescence (CTCF) predicts the higher uptake of CdSe QDs as compared to the Au-QDs, Au-BSA-QDs, Au-Lysozyme-QDs by the cells. The significantly varied zeta potential values of the hybrid systems influence the cellular uptake processes. The fabrication of biocompatible (water soluble, biologically stable, having bioconjugation capability, low cytotoxic to the normal cells, fluorescent in biological environment) Au-CdSe, Au-protein-CdSe hybrid systems would open up an alternative strategy in nanobiotechnology, due to their special physical, optical as well as chemical properties.
Keywords
Semiconductor QDs,
Metallic Nanoparticles,
Nanoparticle-QDs hybrid system,
Protein,
Cancer Cell imaging
Supporting agencies: The author R. Sarma thanks DBT-New Delhi for financial support under DBT-RA scheme, Material Science Division, CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat for providing me nanoparticle synthetic lab facility and UV-Vis, Zeta potential measurement. The authors gratefully acknowledge Analytical Chemistry Group, CSIR-NEIST for FTIR data, SAIF, NEHU, Shillong for HR-TEM measurements, Department of Physics-IIT Guwahati for PL study and Dr. Manash Jyoti Kashyap for providing important inputs in restructuring and editing the manuscript extensively.
About the Authors
Runjun Sarma
Department of Physics, Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women
India
India
Sector-36, Chandigarh.
Monoj KumarDas
Cancer Genetics and Chemoprevention Research Group, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University
India
India
Assam-784028.
Lakshi Saikia
Advanced Materials Group, Material Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology
India
India
Jorhat, Assam-785006.
Ratul Saikia
Biological Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology
India
India
Jorhat, Assam-785006.
References
1. Wild C.P. Cancer control: a reminder of the need for a balanced approach between prevention and treatment, 2014.
2. Yang C., et al. Gold nanoparticle mediated combined cancer therapy. Cancer Nanotechnology, 2018, 9(1), P. 4.
3. Hartshorn C.M., et al. Nanotechnology Strategies To Advance Outcomes in Clinical Cancer Care. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(1), P. 24–43.
4. Grodzinski P., et al. Integrating Nanotechnology into Cancer Care. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(7), P. 7370–7376.
5. Vines J.B., et al. Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2019, 7(167).
6. Singh P., et al. Gold Nanoparticles in Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Human Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences, 2018, 19(7), P. 1979.
7. Riley R.S., Day E.S. Gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: applications and opportunities for multimodal cancer treatment. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, 2017, 9(4), P. 10.
8. Xiao W., et al. Normalizing Tumor Vessels To Increase the Enzyme-Induced Retention and Targeting of Gold Nanoparticle for Breast Cancer Imaging and Treatment. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2017, 14(10), P. 34890–3498.
9. Lara-Cruz C., et al. Gold nanoparticle uptake is enhanced by estradiol in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. International journal of nanomedicine, 2019, 14, P. 2705–2718.
10. Hoshyar R., et al. A novel green one-step synthesis of gold nanoparticles using crocin and their anti-cancer activities. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2016, 159, P. 237–242.
11. Connor E.E., et al. Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity. Small, 2005, 1(3), P. 325–327.
12. Dimitri A., et al. Semiconductor nanostructures in biological applications. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2005, 17(26), P. R637.
13. Sarma R., et al. Physical and biophysical assessment of highly fluorescent, magnetic quantum dots of a wurtzite-phase manganese selenide system. Nanotechnology, 2014, 25(27), P. 275101.
14. Chu M., et al. The therapeutic efficacy of CdTe and CdSe quantum dots for photothermal cancer therapy. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(29), P. 7071– 7083.
15. Zayed J., Philippe S. Acute oral and inhalation toxicities in rats with cadmium telluride. International journal of toxicology, 2009, 28(4), P. 259–265.
16. Hardman R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environmental health perspectives, 2006, 114(2), P. 165–172.
17. Sarma R., Mohanta D. Luminescence and bio-imaging response of thio-glycolic acid (TGA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-coated fluorescent cadmium selenide quantum dots. Journal of Luminescence, 2015, 161, P. 395–402.
18. Chen F., Gerion D. Fluorescent CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystal-Peptide Conjugates for Long-term, Nontoxic Imaging and Nuclear Targeting in Living Cells. Nano Letters, 2004, 4(10), P. 1827–1832.
19. Guo G., et al. Probing the cytotoxicity of CdSe quantum dots with surface modification. Materials Letters, 2007, 61(8), P. 1641–1644.
20. Achermann M. Exciton-Plasmon Interactions in Metal-Semiconductor Nanostructures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2010, 1(19), P. 2837–2843.
21. Feng A.L., et al. Distance-dependent plasmon-enhanced fluorescence of upconversion nanoparticles using polyelectrolyte multilayers as tunable spacers. Scientific reports, 2015, 5.
22. Govorov A.O., Lee J., and Kotov N.A. Theory of plasmon-enhanced Forster energy transfer in optically excited semiconductor and metal¨ nanoparticles. Physical Review B, 2007, 76(12), P. 125308.
23. Fedutik Y., et al. Exciton-plasmon-photon conversion in plasmonic nanostructures. Physical review letters, 2007, 99(13), P. 136802.
24. Medintz I.L., et al. Proteolytic activity monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer through quantum-dot–peptide conjugates. Nature materials, 2006, 5(7), P. 581–589.
25. Fuller M.A. and Koper I. Biomedical applications of polyelectrolyte coated spherical gold nanoparticles.¨ Nano Convergence, 2019, 6(1), P. 11.
26. Hezinger A., Teßmar J., and Gopferich A. Polymer coating of quantum dots–a powerful tool toward diagnostics and sensorics.¨ European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2008, 68(1), P. 138–152.
27. Hamouda R.A., Abd El-Mongy M., and Eid K.F. Comparative study between two red algae for biosynthesis silver nanoparticles capping by SDS: Insights of characterization and antibacterial activity. Microbial pathogenesis, 2019, 129, P. 224–232.
28. Rajh T., Micic O.I., and Nozik A.J. Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified colloidal cadmium telluride quantum dots. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993, 97(46), P. 11999–12003.
29. Zhang Y. and Clapp A. Overview of stabilizing ligands for biocompatible quantum dot nanocrystals. Sensors, 2011, 11(12), P. 11036–11055.
30. Gerion D., et al. Synthesis and properties of biocompatible water-soluble silica-coated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2001, 105(37), P. 8861–8871.
31. Wang P., et al. Interaction of gold nanoparticles with proteins and cells. Science and technology of advanced materials, 2015, 16(3), P. 034610– 034610.
32. Casals E., et al. Hardening of the Nanoparticle-Protein Corona in Metal (Au, Ag) and Oxide (Fe3O4, CoO, and CeO2) Nanoparticles. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2011, 7, P. 3479–86.
33. Malek M., et al. Charged and Neutral Au Nanoparticles Interact Differently with Langmuir Film-Based Synthetic Membranes: Implications for Nanoparticle Uptake and Membrane Protein Activity. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2020, 3(9), P. 9276–9284.
34. Clapp A.R., Goldman E.R., and Mattoussi H. Capping of CdSe–ZnS quantum dots with DHLA and subsequent conjugation with proteins. Nature Protocols, 2006, 1(3), P. 1258–1266.
35. Foubert A., et al. Bioconjugation of quantum dots: Review and impact on future application. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 83, P. 31–48.
36. Ding S., et al. Protein-based nanomaterials and nanosystems for biomedical applications: A review. Materials Today, 2021, 43, P. 166–184.
37. Spicer C.D., et al. Peptide and protein nanoparticle conjugates: versatile platforms for biomedical applications. Chemical Society reviews, 2018, 47(10), P. 3574–3620.
38. Xie J., Lee J.Y., and Wang D.I.C. Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Gold Nanoplates in Aqueous Solutions through Biomineralization by Serum Albumin Protein. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(28), P. 10226–10232.
39. Sarkar S., et al. Protein nanocomposites: Special inferences to Lysozyme based nanomaterials. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 151, P. 467–482.
40. Das T., et al. Functionalisation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Gold Nanoparticles Enhances Its Anti-Amyloidogenic Propensity towards Hen Egg White Lysozyme. Biomedicines, 2017, 5(2), P. 19.
41. Damjanovic V. and Thomas D. The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone as a cryoprotectant in the freezing of human lymphocytes. Cryobiology, 1974, 11(4), P. 312–316.
42. Prasad M., Palepu R., and Moulik S.P. Interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) investigated with forward and reverse component addition protocols employing tensiometric, conductometric, microcalorimetric, electrokinetic, and DLS techniques. Colloid and Polymer Science, 2006, 284(8), P. 871–878.
43. Romani A., Gehlen M., and Itri R. Surfactant-Polymer Aggregates Formed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Poly( N -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), and Poly(ethylene glycol). Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 2005, 21, P. 127–33.
44. Kavlak S. and Guner A. Intermolecular interactions between bovine serum albumin and certain water-soluble polymers at various temperatures. Journal of applied polymer science, 2006, 100(2), P. 1554–1560.
45. Jette E.R. and Foote F. Precision determination of lattice constants. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1935, 3(10), P. 605–616.
46. Freeman D., Mair S., and Barnea Z. The structure and Bijvoet ratios of cadmium selenide. Acta Crystallographica Section A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General Crystallography, 1977, 33(3), P. 355–359.
47. Li Y. and Chopra N. Gold nanoparticle integrated with nanostructured carbon and quantum dots: synthesis and optical properties. Gold Bulletin, 2015, 48(1), P. 73–83.
48. Paolino D., et al. Drug delivery systems. Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation, 2006.
49. Joseph E. and Singhvi G., Chapter 4 – Multifunctional nanocrystals for cancer therapy: a potential nanocarrier, in Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Therapy, A.M. Grumezescu, Editor. 2019, William Andrew Publishing, P. 91–116.
50. Honary S. and Zahir F. Effect of Zeta Potential on the Properties of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems – A Review (Part 1). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 12.
51. Behera M. and Ram S. Inquiring the mechanism of formation, encapsulation, and stabilization of gold nanoparticles by poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) molecules in 1-butanol. Applied Nanoscience, 2013, 4.
52. Borodko Y., et al. Probing the interaction of poly (vinylpyrrolidone) with platinum nanocrystals by UV-Raman and FTIR. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, 110(46), P. 23052–23059.
53. Behera M. and Ram S. Inquiring the mechanism of formation, encapsulation, and stabilization of gold nanoparticles by poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) molecules in 1-butanol. Applied Nanoscience, 2014, 4(2), P. 247–254.
54. Viana R.B., da Silva A.B.F., and Pimentel A.S. Infrared Spectroscopy of Anionic, Cationic, and Zwitterionic Surfactants. Advances in Physical Chemistry, 2012, 2012, P. 14.
55. Chaudhary A., et al. Morphological effect of gold nanoparticles on the adsorption of bovine serum albumin. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2014, 16(38), P. 20471–20482.
56. Kv´ıtek O., et al. Noble metal nanostructures influence of structure and environment on their optical properties. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013, 2013, P. 111.
57. Haldar K.K., et al. Photophysical properties of Au-CdTe hybrid nanostructures of varying sizes and shapes. ChemPhysChem, 2012, 13(17), P. 3989–3996.
58. Templeton A.C., et al. Solvent refractive index and core charge influences on the surface plasmon absorbance of alkanethiolate monolayerprotected gold clusters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2000, 104(3), P. 564–570.
59. Singh S., et al. Conjugation of nano and quantum materials with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to study their biological potential. Journal of Luminescence, 2013, 141, P. 53–59.
60. Vaishanav S.K., et al. Adsorption Kinetics and Binding Studies of Protein Quantum Dots Interaction: A Spectroscopic Approach. Journal of Fluorescence, 2016, 26(3), P. 855–865.
61. Blout E.R. and L. Visser, Elastase. II. Optical properties and the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Biochemistry, 1971, 10(5), P. 743–752.
62. Xia Y., Song L., and Zhu C. Turn-On and Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensing for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Based on Hybrid (Gold Nanorod)– (Quantum Dots) Assembly. Analytical Chemistry, 2011, 83(4), P. 1401–1407.
63. Clapp A.R., et al. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between quantum dot donors and dye-labeled protein acceptors. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2004, 126(1), P. 301–310.
64. Li M., et al. Size-Dependent Energy Transfer between CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2011, 2(17), P. 2125–2129.
65. Navarro J.R. and Werts M.H. Resonant light scattering spectroscopy of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles and optical detection in microfluidic channels. Analyst, 2013, 138(2), P. 583–592.
66. Haiss W., et al. Determination of size and concentration of gold nanoparticles from UV-vis spectra. Analytical chemistry, 2007, 79(11), P. 4215–4221.
67. Li X., et al. Plasmon-Emitter Hybrid Nanostructures of Gold Nanorod-Quantum Dots with Regulated Energy Transfer as a Universal NanoSensor for One-step Biomarker Detection. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2020, 10(3), P. 444.
68. Patil S., et al. Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a function of zeta potential. Biomaterials, 2007, 28(31), P. 4600–4607.
69. Zhao M.-X. and Zeng E.-Z. Application of functional quantum dot nanoparticles as fluorescence probes in cell labeling and tumor diagnostic imaging. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2015, 10(1), P. 1-9.
70. Azizi M., et al. Anti-cancerous effect of albumin coated silver nanoparticles on MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cell line. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1), P. 5178.
71. Matulionyte M., et al. Photoluminescent Gold Nanoclusters in Cancer Cells: Cellular Uptake, Toxicity, and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. International journal of molecular sciences, 2017, 18(2), P. 378.
72. Dong L., et al. Cytotoxicity of BSA-Stabilized Gold Nanoclusters: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Small, 2015, 11.
73. Poderys V., et al. Protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters for PDT: ROS and singlet oxygen generation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2020, 204, P. 111802.
Review
For citations:
Sarma R., KumarDas M., Saikia L., Saikia R. Novel gold nanoparticle-protein-semiconductor quantum dot hybrid system: synthesis, characterization and application in cancer cell imaging. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics. 2021;12(6):749-762. https://doi.org/10.17586/2220-8054-2021-12-6-749-762
Views:
31
Email this article 